Pinyin Guide

If you’ve just started learning Mandarin Chinese, you need to put a lot of effort into learning Chinese pronunciation. Since Pinyin is the very base of Chinese language, it’s best to learn pinyin first before you go with vocabulary or grammar.

The Chinese pronunciation system is known as Pinyin, adopted as a system for representing Chinese characters. Pinyin is very commonly used in Chinese people’s daily life. For example, most people use Pinyin to enter characters into their computers or mobile phones.

What is Pinyin Like?

In Chinese, a syllable (pinyin) is composed of a consonant, a vowel and a tone. A Chinese syllable usually begins with a consonant which is called Initial, and is followed by vowel(s) which are called Final(s).

You can use our audio pinyin chart to understand pinyin components and how it sounds with different tones..

Initials

Even though all of the consonants in Chinese represent basically the same sound that they have in English, it is important that you pay close attention to how each letter of pinyin is pronounced, as you can not read pinyin as if it were English.

Initials	English Comparisons	Sound
b	similar to ‘b’ in the English ‘boat’
p	similar to ‘p’ in the English ‘pen’
m	similar to ‘m’ in the English ‘map’
f	similar to ‘f’ in the English ‘fire’
d	similar to ‘d’ in the English ‘dog’
t	similar to ‘t’ in the English ‘teacher’
n	similar to ‘n’ in the English ‘name’
l	similar to ‘l’ in the English ‘look’
g	similar to ‘g’ in the English ‘go’
k	similar to ‘k’ in the English ‘kiss’
h	similar to ‘h’ in the English ‘high’
j	similar to ‘j’ in the English ‘jeep’ – tongue is positioned below lower teeth
q	similar to ‘ch’ in the English ‘cheap’ – tongue is positioned below lower teeth
x	similar to ‘sh’ in the English ‘sheep’ – tongue is positioned below lower teeth
z	same as ‘ds’ in the English ‘birds’
c	similar to ‘ts’ in the English ‘cats’
s	similar to ‘s’ in the English ‘sing’
zh	similar to ‘j’ in the English ‘jam’
ch	similar to ‘ch’ in the English ‘change’
sh	similar to ‘sh’ in the English ‘she’
r	similar to ‘r’ in the English ‘run’
y	similar to ‘y’ in the English ‘yard’
w	similar to ‘w’ in the English ‘wood’

Finals

Finals	English Comparisons	Sound
a	similar to ‘ah’ in the English ‘Ah-hah!’
o	similar to ‘o’ in the English ‘go’
e	similar to ‘er’ in the English ‘her’, without the tongue curling up.
i	similar to ‘ee’ in the English ‘see’
u	similar to ‘oo’ in the English ‘food’
ü	This is a special one, because there is not an alternative in English. It’s similar to the sound “u”, but with the lips pouting up a little.
ai	similar to the English ‘eye’
ei	similar to ‘ey’ in the English ‘hey’
ui	combine ‘u’ and ‘i’
ao	similar to ‘ou’ in the English ‘loud’
ou	similar to ‘oa’ in the English ‘boat’
iu	combine ‘i’ and ‘u’
ie	combine ‘i’ and ‘e’
er	similar to ‘ear’ in the English ‘early’
an	similar to ‘an’ in the English ‘fan’
en	similar to ‘en’ in the English ‘end’
in	similar to ‘in’ in the English ‘pin’
un	combine ‘u’ and ‘n’
ang	similar to ‘ang’ in the English ‘slang’
eng	similar to ‘ung’ in the English ‘hung’
ing	similar to ‘ing’ in the English ‘king’
ong	similar to ‘ong’ in the English ‘song’

In addition to the simple finals above, there are compound finals: ia, iao, ian, iang, iong, ua, uo, uai, uan, uang, ueng, üe, ün, üan. We can simply regard a compound final as a combination of the simple ones. For example, “ia” is made from “i” and “a”. “iao” is made from “i” and “ao”. To pronounce a compound final, read the simple finals separately and make a smooth slide of the sound.

Tones

1st Tone

The first tone is high and flat. It also sounds a bit longer in duration compared to the other three tones.

2nd Tone

The second tone is rising. To many learners, it sounds like you’re asking a question.

3rd Tone

The third tone is a “falling-rising” tone. The key to speak it correctly is to keep the sound very low before it rises.

4th Tone

The fourth tone is known as the “angry” tone, because it is falling and tends to be shorter in duration than the other three tones.

Mandarin is normally said to have just four tones. However, there is also a neutral tone which occurs very often in spoken Chinese. The neutral tone, which is indicated by an absence of the tone mark is pronounced soft and short.

When the tone changes, the meaning of the word may change too. Actually there are a lot of homophones whose meaning varies with the tone. For example, the following four characters have exactly the same pinyin letters, but with different tones. Their meanings vary a lot from each other.

Pinyin	Character	Meaning	Sound
mā	妈	mother
má	麻	numb
mǎ	马	horse
mà	骂	curse

Position of Tone Marks

Tone marks in Hanyu Pinyin always go over vowels, not consonants. Usually, the alphabetical order dictates which letter gets the tone mark. For example, in “qiāo”, “a” comes earlier than all the rest letters, so we place the mark over it.

There is one exception: iu. In this case, “u” gets the mark even though it’s after “i” in the alphabet.

Erhua, the “r” Sound

“Erhua” refers to the addition of a final “r” sound to a syllable in mandarin Chinese. In written Chinese, “Erhua” is represented by the letter “r” added to the end of the final. E.g.

花儿 huā + er = huār

这儿 zhè + er = zhèr

那儿 nà + er = nàr

玩儿 wán + er = wánr

As a habit of pronunciation, the “r” sound is especially common in the Beijing dialect, but is a feature of standard Chinese as well. People from north of China, especially Beijingers tend to add the “r” sound to certain words. However, unless you know that a particular word is used in this manner, do NOT indiscriminately add an ending “r” to sound more native.

Rules of Spelling

The general rule is: the initials and finals are grouped together with a tone. However, there are some special situations.

1. When initials “j q x y” meet “ü”, the two dots above “ü” are omitted.

Change of Spelling	1st Tone	2nd Tone	3rd Tone	4th Tone
jü → ju
qü → qu
xü → xu
yü → yu
jüe → jue
qüe → que
xüe → xue
yüe → yue
jüan → juan
qüan → quan
xüan → xuan
yüan → yuan
jün → jun
qün → qun
xün → xun
yün → yun

2. When there is no initial before finals with “i” or “u”, “i” should be changed into “y”, and “u” into “w”.

Change of Spelling	1st Tone	2nd Tone	3rd Tone	4th Tone
ia → ya
iao → yao
iang → yang
ua → wa
uo → wo
uang → wang

3. When “ui, un, iu, ü” stand alone, they become:

Change of Spelling	1st Tone	2nd Tone	3rd Tone	4th Tone
ui → wei
un → wen
iu → you
ü → yu